Collective Noun

 

Collective Noun	Meaning
Audience	Penonton
Army	Tentara

Collective Noun	Meaning	Collective Noun	Meaning
Cabinet	Kabinet	Council	Dewan
Colony	Koloni	Community	Komunitas
Congregation	Jamaah	Crew	Pegawai-pegawai
Company	Perusahaan	Club	Klub
Corporation	Korporasi

Collective Noun	Meaning
Department	Departemen

Collective Noun	Meaning
Faculty	Fakultas
Family	Keluarga
Firm	Perusahaan
Flock	Kawanan

Collective Noun	Meaning
Group	Kelompok
Government	Pemerintah

Collective Noun	Meaning
Jury	Juri

Collective Noun	Meaning
Majority	Mayoritas
Minority	Minoritas

Collective Noun	Meaning
Navy	Angkatan Laut

Collective Noun	Meaning
Swarm	Kawanan
School	Sekolah
Senate	Senat
Society	Masyarakat

Collective Noun	Meaning
Troop	Kelompok
Team	Tim
Troupe	Rombongan

Summary

Summary

Subject  Verb Agreement

A.      Sentence :

Subject + verb 

Example :

Ø  I work

Ø  She works

Ø  They can in the garage is mine

B.      Basic Rule/Principle

·         Singular subject need singular verbs

·         Plural subject need plural verb

Example :

Ø  My brother is a nutririonist

Ø  My sisters are mathematicians

C.      Indifinite Pronouns. (kata ganti tidak tentu/jelas)

1.      Anyone, everyone, someone, no one, no body, therefore adalah singular verb

Example :

Ø  Everyone has done his or her homework

Ø  Somebody has left her purse

Ø  No body is in the room

*Pengecualian

1.       All dan some kadang bisa tunggal dan jamak, tergantung jenis bendanya apakah bendanya apakah itu countable atau uncountable

Example :

Ø  Some of the books are missing

Ø  Some of the water is gone

2.       None bisa jadi tunggal dan jamak, tergantung kata benda yang mengikutinya

Example :

Ø  None of the student are in the class

Ø  None of the food is fresh

3.       Each selalu tunggal

Example :

Ø  Each of the student is responsible for his/her homework

Ø  Each of the cars has different colour

2.       Kalimat dengan together with, as weel as, along with tidak sama dengan and, maka kata-kata tersebut tidak menambahkan subjectnya.

Example :

Ø  The mayor, as well as his brothers, is going to prison

“berbeda dengan”

Ø  The mayor and his brothers are going to prison

Ø  My friends, together with Rani, are at school

*Penjelasan tambahan

Kadang subject terpisah dari verb, seperti along with, as well as, besides, or not. Verb tegantung subject

Example :

Ø  The polician, along with the newsmen, is expected shortly

Ø  Axcitement, as well as nerveoushness, is the cause of her shacking

3.       Subject yang terpisah dengan verb/appisitives

Example :

Ø  The mayor, who has been convicted along with his four brothers on four counts of various crimes but who also seems, like a cat, to have several political lives, is finally going to jail

4.       Pronouns of adjective clause

Example :

Ø  Salma is tehe scientist who writes the reports

Ø  He is one of the men who does the world

5.       Either + or dan neither + nor

Ketika nor atau or digunakan, kata kerja bergantung pada subject yang berdekatan dengan kata kerja

Example :

Ø  Either my father or my brothers, are going to sell the house

Ø  Neither my brothers nor my father is going to sell the house

Ø  Are either my brothers or my father responsible?

Ø  Is either my father or my brithers responsible?

Pronouns either dan Neither adalah singular. Maka kata kerja selalu singular

Example :

Ø  Neither of the two traffic lights is working

Ø  Either of is capable of doing the job

Ø  Which shirt do you want for Christmas? Either is fine with me

*HATI-HATI

Neither dan either bisa berbentuk plural di informal writing.  (dijembatani dengan kata “of”)

Example :

Ø  Have either of you two clowns read the assignment?

Ø  Are either of you taking this seriously?

6.       Pseudo subject

“There” dan “Here” bukanlah subject. Subject ada disebelah kata tersebut.

Example :

Ø  There are two reasons.  For this

Ø  There is no reason for this

Ø  Here are two apples

7.       Third party singular

Example :

Ø  She teaches English

Ø  Rani teaches English

Ø 
He has good personality

s/es hanya pada “Presnt Tense”

8.       Word end in –s

·         Kata “singular” yang memang berakhiran “s”

Example : The news from the fornt is bad

·         Tapi, kata yang berakhiran “s” adalah plural

Example : my assets were wiped out in the depression

Singular	Plural
Diseas : measles, rabies. Fields of study hard	Customs (at the airport, not practices)
Occupation : economics, ethics, linguistics, politics, physics, gymnastics	Guts (courage, not intertines)
Games : dominoes, darts, cards	Guarters (lodgings, not 1/4s)
	Clothes (garment, not fabrics)
	Goods (merchandise, not the opposite of bad)
	Ams (weapons, not limb)

Nouns yang selalu plural : pants, clothes, binoculars, jeans, forceps, trousers, tongs, shorts, tweezers, pajamas, police, shorts, glasses, sciccors, goggles, shoes, sandals, etc.

Example : The scissors are on the table

9.       Fractional Expressions (hall of, a part of, percentage of, so forth)

Amati subject setelah kata-kata tersebut. Apakah tunggal atau jamak. Verb akan mengikutinya

Example : fifty percent of the pie has disappeared

10.   Negative and positive subjects

Jika kalimat terdiri dari positif dan negative subject, dengan masing-masing adalah singular dan plural maka kata kerja mengikuti positive subject

Example : the department members, but not the chair have decided not to teach on valentine day

(+) the department members

(-) the chair

11.   Sum or money or peiodes

Subject yang berhubungan dengan waktu dan uang, verb selalu bentuk singular

Example : ten dollars is a high price to pay

Regural and Irregural Plural Noun

Regural and Irregural Plural Noun

Regular Plurals

For most nouns, the general rule for making the word plural is:

• If the word ends in s, x, ch or sh, add an "es" Bless + es = blesses

Box + es = boxes

catch + es = catches

Dish + es = dishes

• If the word ends in a consonant (all letters except a, e, i, o, u) + y, then change the "y" to an "i" and ad the letters "es" Baby = Babies

Candy = candies

• For all other non-irregular nouns, simply add an "s" to the end of the word Cat = cats

Dog = dogs

Kid = kids

Irregular Plurals

The vast majority of nouns in the English language are made plural by adding an "s" or "es" to the end of the word. For example, book, apple, house, table, door, cat, bush, boss are just some of the millions of words that become plural with the simple addition of an "s" (books, apples, houses, tables, doors, cats, bushes, bosses). However, certain nouns have "irregular" plurals which do not behave in this standard way.

Certain words do not follow the above rules for regular plurals. There are some common types of irregular plurals that occur, and some words simply have no plural form at all.

While it is useful to memorize the common irregular plurals, for many words you simply have to know and understand that it is an irregular plural as a result of speaking and hearing English

Example :

Singular:           Plural:

abyss               abysses

alumnus         alumni

analysis          analyses

aquarium        aquaria

arch                 arches

atlas                atlases

axe                  axes

baby                babies

bacterium       bacteria

batch               batches

beach              beaches

brush               brushes

bus                  buses

calf                  calves

chateau          chateaux

cherry              cherries

child                children

church             churches

circus              circuses

city                   cities

cod                  cod

copy                copies

crisis               crises

curriculum     curricula

deer                 deer

dictionary       dictionaries

domino          dominoes

dwarf               dwarves

echo               echoes

elf                    elves

emphasis      emphases

family              families

fax                   faxes

fish                  fish

flush                flushes

fly                     flies

foot                  feet

fungus            fungi

half                  halves

hero                 heroes

hippopotamus  hippopotami

hoax                hoaxes

hoof                 hooves

index                indexes

iris                    irises

kiss                  kisses

knife                 knives

lady                  ladies

leaf                  leaves

life                   lives

loaf                  loaves

man                 men

mango             mangoes

memorandum   memoranda

mess                messes

moose             moose

motto               mottoes

mouse              mice

nanny               nannies

neurosis          neuroses

Non-Count Nouns

Non-count nouns, also called collective nouns, have no plural form because they are assumed to be plural. Most abstract nouns are non-count nouns. Some examples are:

• Hair
• Grass
• Mud
• Dress (when referring to a style of dress, not when referring to a clothing item that hangs in your closet)

If you are talking about multiple varieties or types of these irregular plurals, you cannot make them plural by adding an "s" or "es" to the end.  Instead, you need to make them plural by adding a descriptive phrase.  For example:

• There are many different styles of hair
• There are several varieties of grass
• There are three different kinds of mud
• The ancient people had a few types of styles of dress

Unchanging Nouns

Certain other nouns have the same plural form as singular form. A large number of animals happen to follow this rule. For example, among others:

• Deer is "deer" whether singular or plural
• Fish is "fish" whether singular or plural
• Bison is "bison" whether singular or plural
• Moose is "moose" whether singular or plural
• Elk is "elk" whether singular or plural. 

Other Irregular Plurals

In addition to non-count nouns and unchanging nouns, there are several different types of irregular plurals which follow a pattern in the English language.

• For words that end in "fe," you change the letter "f" to the letter "v" and then add "s"

Knife = knives

Wife = wives

• For words that end in "f" you change the "f" to a "v" and add "es"

Half = halves

Loaf = loaves

• For words that end in "us," change the "us" to an "i"

Syllabus = syallabi

• For words that end in "o" add "es"

Tomato = tomatoes

Words that Change Form

Certain words do not add a letter to the end, but instead change the word itself. These words simply need to be memorized. Some examples include:

• Man to men
• People to persons
• Tooth to teeth
• Goose to geese

The best way to learn and understand irregular plurals is to practice speaking the English language, to read a great deal, to pay attention to words and phrases that you see and hear and to assemble a list of words with irregular plurals so you can begin to understand how to make each noun plural correctly.